Sailfish OS is an open source operating system for smartphones, built on Linux and developed by the Finnish company Jolla. It includes a proprietary layer that runs Android applications, so common apps still work. It ships on Jolla's own devices and reaches other hardware through community ports.
A Finnish vendor makes Sailfish OS a European alternative to the American mobile platforms, and the Linux base gives more control over what runs on the device. It suits people who want a phone that is not tied to the usual app store ecosystems and who accept some tinkering.